Affinage · Toxoplasma gondii

MIC1

microneme protein MIC1 · UniProt A0A125YMF8

Annotated
2026-09-08
61 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TgMIC1 is a soluble micronemal adhesin of Toxoplasma gondii that couples host-cell carbohydrate recognition to invasion and to modulation of host innate immunity (PMID:9027753, PMID:17491595, PMID:31226171). Structurally it is bipartite: N-terminal microneme adhesive repeat (MAR/TSR1-like) domains form an independent lectin module that binds a broad spectrum of α2-3-linked sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells, explaining the parasite's wide host-cell range and driving sialic-acid-dependent invasion (PMID:16166092, PMID:17491595, PMID:19901027, PMID:19593815), while a C-terminal galectin-like domain lacks carbohydrate binding and instead docks onto the EGF-like domains (EGF2 and EGF3) of the transmembrane escorter MIC6 (PMID:16166092, PMID:18818666). Within the trimeric MIC1/4/6 complex, MIC4 binds directly to MIC1 as a passive, galactose-binding cargo, and MIC1 is absolutely required for the complex to exit early secretory compartments and traffic to the micronemes, acting as a quality-control checkpoint; the assembly requirements are intrinsic to the protein sequences (PMID:11157983, PMID:22399295, PMID:16188260). Deletion of MIC1 impairs tachyzoite invasion of fibroblasts and, in combination with MIC3 loss, severely reduces virulence in mice (PMID:15684324). Upon secretion, the MIC1/4/6 complex clusters host N-glycosylated surface proteins in a host-cholesterol-dependent manner to license rhoptry discharge (PMID:41279910). Beyond invasion, MIC1's lectin activity engages N-glycans on host TLR2 and TLR4 to activate TAK1–p38–NF-κB signaling and IL-12 production, drives TLR4-endocytosis-dependent IL-10, and promotes TLR4/NLRP3-dependent macrophage pyroptosis via caspase-1 and GSDMD (PMID:31226171, PMID:31658592, PMID:33912181, PMID:39614314). Through EGF-domain-containing partners whose secretion depends on MIC1, the complex additionally promotes host EGFR-Akt signaling that suppresses autophagic killing of the parasite (PMID:24367261).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1996 Medium

    Establishing that MIC1 was a soluble, transmembrane-less micronemal protein whose duplicated receptor-like domain could bind host cells first implicated it in host-cell recognition rather than in structural anchoring.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and recombinant N-terminal domain binding assay on host cells

    PMID:9027753

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand identity on the host cell surface not defined
    • No functional link to invasion demonstrated
  2. 2001 High

    Genetic and biochemical dissection showed how a soluble adhesin reaches the micronemes, defining MIC1 as an obligatory quality-control component of the MIC1/4/6 complex and MIC6 as its transmembrane escorter.

    Evidence Gene disruption, domain mapping, and secretory-trafficking assays in T. gondii; lactose affinity chromatography and binding assays identifying MIC1 lectin activity

    PMID:11157983 PMID:11447133

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic basis of the MIC1–MIC6 and MIC1–MIC4 interactions not resolved
    • Precise carbohydrate specificity of the lectin activity undefined
  3. 2005 High

    Structural and genetic work partitioned MIC1 into a carbohydrate-binding adhesin module and a non-carbohydrate-binding galectin-like MIC6-docking module, and tied MIC1 to invasion and virulence.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography and NMR of the C-terminal domain with interaction assays; single/double KO invasion and mouse virulence assays; heterologous reconstitution of the complex in Giardia

    PMID:16166092 PMID:15684324 PMID:16188260

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the sugar ligand bound by the N-terminal adhesin not yet solved
    • Mechanistic basis of MIC1/MIC3 synergy in virulence unresolved
  4. 2007 High

    Solving the atomic structure defined the MAR motif and identified sialylated oligosaccharides as MIC1's ligands, explaining the parasite's broad host-cell tropism.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography and glycoarray analysis

    PMID:17491595

    Open questions at the time
    • Contribution of sialic-acid binding to invasion not yet functionally tested at this stage
  5. 2008 High

    NMR of the MIC6–MIC1 complex resolved two analogous EGF-domain interaction sites required for host-cell recognition, giving the molecular architecture of complex assembly.

    Evidence NMR solution structure of MIC6 EGF2/EGF3–MIC1 galectin-like domain complex with immunofluorescence and invasion assays

    PMID:18818666

    Open questions at the time
    • How dual docking sites contribute to trafficking versus adhesion not separated
  6. 2009 High

    Ligand-bound crystal structures and complementation assays established MIC1 as an α2-3-sialyl-specific lectin functioning in sialic-acid-dependent invasion, and connected the complex to the actomyosin motor via MIC6.

    Evidence Crystal structures of MIC1-MARR with sialyl oligosaccharide analogs, complementation/invasion assays, and Co-IP/pulldown of the MIC6 tail with aldolase

    PMID:19901027 PMID:19593815 PMID:19308454

    Open questions at the time
    • MIC6–aldolase interaction rests on a single Co-IP/pulldown without reciprocal validation
    • Quantitative contribution of Sia binding versus other ligands to invasion not fully partitioned
  7. 2012 High

    Structural characterization of MIC4 showed the complex engages two distinct host sugars, sialic acid via MIC1 and galactose via MIC4, defining complementary lectin activities.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of TgMIC4 and carbohydrate-binding specificity assays

    PMID:22399295

    Open questions at the time
    • Cooperativity between MIC1 and MIC4 sugar binding during invasion not quantified
  8. 2013 Medium

    Loss of MIC1 (and consequently MIC6 secretion) revealed that the complex drives host EGFR-Akt signaling to block autophagic clearance, linking the adhesin to parasite survival inside host cells.

    Evidence mic1 KO invasion assays, recombinant protein stimulation, phospho-Akt and LC3 readouts, and parasite killing assays across multiple host cell types

    PMID:24367261

    Open questions at the time
    • EGFR activation attributed to EGF-domain MICs (MIC3/MIC6) rather than MIC1 directly
    • Single lab; downstream autophagy-suppression mechanism only partially mapped
  9. 2019 High

    Definition of TLR2/TLR4 N-glycans as MIC1 ligands and mapping of the TAK1–p38–NF-κB pathway established MIC1's lectin activity as a direct driver of innate immune activation and IL-12.

    Evidence HEK transfection with TLR glycomutants and co-receptors, mic1 KO parasites, CRD point-mutant proteins, NF-κB reporter, pharmacological TAK1/p38 inhibition, and in vivo cytokine measurement

    PMID:31226171 PMID:31658592

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of MIC1 engagement of TLR N-glycans not solved
    • Relative in vivo contribution of TLR2 versus TLR4 not fully dissected
  10. 2021 Medium

    Pharmacological dissection showed MIC1 elicits anti-inflammatory IL-10 through a TLR4-endocytosis-dependent route distinct from the TNF-α response, revealing bidirectional immune modulation.

    Evidence Dynasore endocytosis blockade, cytokine ELISA, and infection assays in macrophages

    PMID:33912181

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling nodes downstream of TLR4 endocytosis not identified
    • Single lab; in vivo relevance of IL-10 induction not established
  11. 2024 High

    MIC1 was shown to drive TLR4/NLRP3-dependent macrophage pyroptosis via caspase-1 and GSDMD, extending its immunomodulatory role to inflammatory cell death and tying it to parasite growth.

    Evidence mic1 KO parasites, TLR4-/- and NLRP3-/- macrophages, wild-type and T126A/T220A CRD-mutant recombinant protein, caspase-1/GSDMD western blot, and in vivo infection

    PMID:39614314

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether pyroptosis benefits or restricts the parasite in vivo not resolved
    • Shown in the TgCtwh3 (Chinese 1) strain; generality across strains not tested
  12. 2025 Medium

    Two studies further extended MIC1's carbohydrate-dependent host effects: induction of T-lymphocyte apoptosis via ROS/MAPK, and a role for MIC1/4/6-mediated N-glycan clustering in licensing rhoptry discharge.

    Evidence Recombinant protein binding with carbohydrate competition, caspase/ROS/MAPK-inhibitor assays in Jurkat cells; host genome-wide CRISPR screen with glycan competition and cholesterol depletion (preprint)

    PMID:40333130 PMID:41279910

    Open questions at the time
    • Rhoptry-discharge study is a preprint not yet peer-reviewed
    • Physiological role of T-cell apoptosis induction during infection unclear
    • How glycan clustering mechanically triggers rhoptry discharge unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How MIC1's dual roles—adhesion/invasion versus multi-pronged host immune modulation—are integrated during natural infection, and the structural basis of its engagement of host TLR N-glycans, remain open.
  • No structure of MIC1 bound to TLR2/TLR4 glycans
  • Net in vivo consequence of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling not resolved
  • Strain-to-strain variation in MIC1-driven immune outcomes largely untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
HOST EGFR (ACTIVATED VIA EGF-DOMAIN MICS WHOSE SECRETION DEPENDS ON MIC1)HOST TLR2 (N-GLYCAN LIGAND)HOST TLR4 (N-GLYCAN LIGAND)TGMIC4 (GALACTOSE-BINDING PASSIVE CARGO; BINDS MIC1)TGMIC6 (TRANSMEMBRANE ESCORTER; BINDS MIC1 GALECTIN-LIKE DOMAIN VIA EGF2/EGF3)
Complex memberships
MIC1/4/6 trimeric micronemal adhesin complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 MIC1 is a soluble micronemal protein with a duplicated receptor-like domain (tandemly duplicated domain with conserved cysteines) and no transmembrane domain; recombinant protein expressing the N-terminal duplicated domain binds to the surface of host cells, suggesting a role in host cell binding/recognition. cDNA cloning, sequencing, recombinant protein binding assay (PMAL fusion protein applied to host cells) Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 9027753
2001 MIC6 functions as a transmembrane escorter for the soluble adhesins MIC1 and MIC4; MIC6 carries sorting signals in its cytoplasmic tail, its association with MIC1 involves a lumenal EGF-like domain, MIC4 binds directly to MIC1 and is a passive cargo molecule, and MIC1 is absolutely required for the MIC1/4/6 complex to exit early secretory compartments (quality control checkpoint). Gene disruption of MIC1 prevents MIC6 (and MIC4) from reaching the micronemes. Gene disruption (KO), domain-mapping experiments, immunofluorescence, secretory pathway trafficking assays The Journal of cell biology High 11157983
2001 MIC1 is a lactose-binding lectin; MIC1 and MIC4 co-purify on immobilized lactose affinity chromatography, and blotted MIC1 (but not native MIC4) binds human erythrocytes (type A) and fetuin, indicating that the lectin activity resides in MIC1. Lactose affinity chromatography, N-terminal microsequencing, hemagglutination inhibition assay, Western blot binding assay Glycobiology Medium 11447133
2005 The N-terminal thrombospondin type I repeat-like (TSR1-like) domains of MIC1 function as an independent adhesin and promote association with MIC4. The C-terminal domain of MIC1 adopts a novel galectin-like fold (without carbohydrate-binding activity) that interacts with and stabilizes MIC6, providing the structural basis for a quality control mechanism governing exit of the MIC1/4/6 complex from early secretory compartments and trafficking to the micronemes. X-ray crystallography (3D structure of C-terminal domain), NMR, protein–protein interaction assays, domain truncation/binding experiments The Journal of biological chemistry High 16166092
2005 MIC1 single-gene deletion decreases invasion of fibroblasts by T. gondii tachyzoites; combined deletion of MIC1 and MIC3 (but not single deletion of MIC3 alone) severely impairs virulence in mice, revealing a synergistic role for these two soluble adhesins in invasion and virulence. Single and double gene knockout, invasion assay in fibroblasts, mouse virulence assay The Journal of experimental medicine High 15684324
2007 The atomic structure of TgMIC1 reveals a novel cell-binding motif, the microneme adhesive repeat (MAR), organized in tandem repeats that bind sialylated oligosaccharides on host cell surfaces; glycoarray analyses confirm preferential binding to a wide spectrum of sialylated oligosaccharides, explaining the broad host-cell range of T. gondii. X-ray crystallography (atomic structure), glycoarray (carbohydrate microarray) analysis The EMBO journal High 17491595
2008 High-resolution NMR solution structure of the TgMIC6–TgMIC1 complex reveals two analogous interaction sites within separate EGF-like domains (EGF2 and EGF3) of TgMIC6 that both engage the galectin-like domain of TgMIC1; both interaction sites are functionally required for host cell receptor recognition, as confirmed by immunofluorescence and invasion assays. NMR solution structure determination, immunofluorescence assay, invasion assay EMBO reports High 18818666
2009 TgMIC1 acts as a sialic acid (Sia)-binding lectin through its MAR domains and is one important player in Sia-dependent host cell invasion; complementation and invasion assays demonstrate that loss of MIC1 reduces Sia-dependent invasion. Crystal structures of TgMIC1-MARR bound to five sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine analogs reveal a specific water-mediated hydrogen bond network explaining preferential binding to α2-3-linked sialyl oligosaccharides. Complementation assay, invasion assay, carbohydrate microarray, X-ray crystallography of ligand complexes The Journal of biological chemistry / Protein science High 19593815 19901027
2009 The cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane escorter MIC6 interacts with aldolase and the parasite cytoskeleton, providing a physical link between the MIC1/4/6 adhesin complex and the parasite's actomyosin motor machinery during host cell invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation, pulldown assay identifying MIC6 C-domain–aldolase interaction Parasitology research Medium 19308454
2012 TgMIC4 binds galactose-containing carbohydrates through its fifth apple domain; the MIC1/4/6 complex thus engages both sialic acid (via MIC1) and galactose (via MIC4) on host cell surfaces. Structure of TgMIC4 reveals six apple domains. X-ray crystallography (TgMIC4 structure), carbohydrate-binding specificity assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 22399295
2013 Parasites lacking MIC1 (mic1 KO, which is also deficient in MIC6 secretion) display impaired EGFR-Akt activation in host cells. EGF-domain-containing MICs (MIC3 and MIC6), whose surface secretion depends on MIC1, promote EGFR activation in host endothelial, retinal pigment epithelial and microglial cells, and this EGFR-Akt signaling prevents autophagic targeting and lysosomal degradation of the parasite. KO parasite invasion assays, recombinant protein stimulation, EGFR/Akt signaling readouts (phospho-Akt), LC3 immunofluorescence, parasite killing assays PLoS pathogens Medium 24367261
2019 MIC1 and MIC4 physically interact with N-glycans on TLR2 and TLR4 on dendritic cells and macrophages, triggering NF-κB activation and IL-12 production. Point mutations in the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of MIC1 abolish this activation. MIC1 also impacts systemic IL-12 and IFN-γ levels in vivo and alters T. gondii infection competency. HEK cell transfection with TLR glycomutants, KO parasites (mic1 KO), recombinant protein stimulation with CRD point mutants, cytokine ELISA, in vivo infection assays PLoS pathogens High 31226171
2021 MIC1 induces IL-10 production from macrophages through a TLR4 endocytosis-dependent pathway: blockade of endocytosis (Dynasore) prevents IL-10 but not TNF-α production in response to MIC1, and MIC1/4-stimulated macrophages acquire transient LPS tolerance. Pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis (Dynasore), cytokine ELISA, T. gondii infection assays Frontiers in immunology Medium 33912181
2019 MIC1 engagement of TLR2 is the crucial signal for NF-κB activation and cytokine production; TLR2 heterodimerization (with TLR1 or TLR6) augments but is not essential, and co-receptors CD14 and CD36 enhance the response. MIC1/MIC4 activate cells through a TAK1–p38–NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway. HEK293T transfection with TLR2/TLR1/TLR6 variants and co-receptors, NF-κB reporter assay, cytokine measurement, pharmacological inhibition of TAK1/p38 International journal of molecular sciences Medium 31658592
2024 TgMIC1 promotes macrophage pyroptosis via the TLR4/NLRP3 pathway: recombinant MIC1 upregulates NLRP3 and activates caspase-1 and GSDMD in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), an effect abolished by TLR4 knockout or NLRP3 knockout, and by point mutations (T126A/T220A) in MIC1's N-glycan binding sites on TLR4. The mic1 knockout strain (Wh3Δmic1) shows reduced invasion, limited growth, and attenuated inflammatory/pyroptotic responses. MIC1 KO parasite generation, recombinant protein (wild-type and CRD mutant) stimulation of BMDMs, TLR4-/- and NLRP3-/- macrophages, caspase-1/GSDMD western blot, in vivo infection Parasites & vectors High 39614314
2025 rMIC1 and rMIC4 bind Jurkat T lymphocytes in a carbohydrate-dependent manner and reduce cell viability by inducing apoptosis through caspase activation (both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways), driven by NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production and activation of p38 and JNK MAPK signaling cascades. Recombinant protein binding assay with carbohydrate competition, cell viability assay, caspase activity assay, ROS measurement, MAPK inhibitor experiments Pathogens Medium 40333130
2025 The MIC1/4/6 trimeric complex binds host N-glycans to cluster host surface proteins in a manner dependent on host plasma membrane cholesterol, and this clustering is required for rhoptry discharge during invasion. Host cholesterol depletion or competition with exogenous glycans inhibits rhoptry discharge. Host genome-wide CRISPR screen for rhoptry discharge, glycan competition assays, cholesterol depletion experiments, MIC1/4/6 complex binding assays bioRxiv (preprint)preprint Medium 41279910
2005 The trimeric MIC1/4/6 complex can be reconstituted in Giardia lamblia, demonstrating that the structural requirements for MIC complex assembly (MIC4 binding to MIC1, MIC1 binding to MIC6) are intrinsic to the protein sequences and do not require Toxoplasma-specific machinery. Heterologous co-expression and reconstitution of MIC1/4/6 complex in Giardia lamblia, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy International journal for parasitology Medium 16188260

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 61 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Identification and characterization of an escorter for two secretory adhesins in Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of cell biology 178 11157983
2001 Microneme proteins: structural and functional requirements to promote adhesion and invasion by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. International journal for parasitology 178 11566297
2002 A family of transmembrane microneme proteins of Toxoplasma gondii contain EGF-like domains and function as escorters. Journal of cell science 135 11861763
2005 Synergistic role of micronemal proteins in Toxoplasma gondii virulence. The Journal of experimental medicine 134 15684324
2002 Toxoplasma gondii asexual development: identification of developmentally regulated genes and distinct patterns of gene expression. Eukaryotic cell 131 12455982
2013 Toxoplasma gondii-induced activation of EGFR prevents autophagy protein-mediated killing of the parasite. PLoS pathogens 106 24367261
2004 A role for coccidian cGMP-dependent protein kinase in motility and invasion. International journal for parasitology 105 15003497
1996 The MIC1 microneme protein of Toxoplasma gondii contains a duplicated receptor-like domain and binds to host cell surface. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 88 9027753
2009 Members of a novel protein family containing microneme adhesive repeat domains act as sialic acid-binding lectins during host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites. The Journal of biological chemistry 87 19901027
2007 Atomic resolution insight into host cell recognition by Toxoplasma gondii. The EMBO journal 86 17491595
2001 Toxoplasma gondii micronemal protein MIC1 is a lactose-binding lectin. Glycobiology 64 11447133
2006 Immunization with MIC1 and MIC4 induces protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. Microbes and infection 62 16616574
2005 A novel galectin-like domain from Toxoplasma gondii micronemal protein 1 assists the folding, assembly, and transport of a cell adhesion complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 62 16166092
2015 Vaccination with Recombinant Microneme Proteins Confers Protection against Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Mice. PloS one 53 26575028
2009 Potent fluoro-oligosaccharide probes of adhesion in Toxoplasmosis. Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology 48 19750531
2013 Identification of differentially expressed proteins in sulfadiazine resistant and sensitive strains of Toxoplasma gondii using difference-gel electrophoresis (DIGE). International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance 42 24533291
2008 Toxoplasma gondii: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different fragments of recombinant microneme protein 1 (MIC1) for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies. Experimental parasitology 40 18207143
2019 The lectin-specific activity of Toxoplasma gondii microneme proteins 1 and 4 binds Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 N-glycans to regulate innate immune priming. PLoS pathogens 39 31226171
2012 Galactose recognition by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 22399295
1998 Murine dendritic cells pulsed in vitro with Toxoplasma gondii antigens induce protective immunity in vivo. Infection and immunity 39 9746591
2009 Detailed insights from microarray and crystallographic studies into carbohydrate recognition by microneme protein 1 (MIC1) of Toxoplasma gondii. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 38 19593815
2006 Mic1-3 knockout of Toxoplasma gondii is a successful vaccine against chronic and congenital toxoplasmosis in mice. The Journal of infectious diseases 38 16991094
2010 Mic1-3 Knockout Toxoplasma gondii is a good candidate for a vaccine against T. gondii-induced abortion in sheep. Veterinary research 37 20385082
2015 Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in farm animals (horses, swine, and sheep) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using chimeric antigens. Parasitology international 33 25817245
2011 A new MIC1-MAG1 recombinant chimeric antigen can be used instead of the Toxoplasma gondii lysate antigen in serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 32 22116686
2017 Targeting and Recognition of Toll-Like Receptors by Plant and Pathogen Lectins. Frontiers in immunology 28 29326706
2009 MIC6 associates with aldolase in host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology research 26 19308454
2008 Structural insights into microneme protein assembly reveal a new mode of EGF domain recognition. EMBO reports 26 18818666
2019 A systematic review on efficiency of microneme proteins to induce protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 24 30680553
2018 Discovery of new Toxoplasma gondii antigenic proteins using a high throughput protein microarray approach screening sera of murine model infected orally with oocysts and tissue cysts. Parasites & vectors 24 29973272
2012 MIC1-MAG1-SAG1 chimeric protein, a most effective antigen for detection of human toxoplasmosis. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 22 23035174
2015 New recombinant chimeric antigens, P35-MAG1, MIC1-ROP1, and MAG1-ROP1, for the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 18 25702523
2009 Protection against lethal Neospora caninum infection in mice induced by heterologous vaccination with a mic1 mic3 knockout Toxoplasma gondii strain. Infection and immunity 18 19995895
2014 Structural basis of Toxoplasma gondii MIC2-associated protein interaction with MIC2. The Journal of biological chemistry 17 25411252
1999 Attachment ligands of viable Toxoplasma gondii induce soluble immunosuppressive factors in human monocytes. Infection and immunity 15 10225919
2015 Role of CD4+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Protection Induced by a Live Attenuated, Replicating Type I Vaccine Strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Infection and immunity 14 26123802
2018 Galectin-3 and Galectin-9 May Differently Regulate the Expressions of Microglial M1/M2 Markers and T Helper 1/Th2 Cytokines in the Brains of Genetically Susceptible C57BL/6 and Resistant BALB/c Mice Following Peroral Infection With Toxoplasma gondii. Frontiers in immunology 13 30108583
2021 Microneme Proteins 1 and 4 From Toxoplasma gondii Induce IL-10 Production by Macrophages Through TLR4 Endocytosis. Frontiers in immunology 12 33912181
2019 Receptor Heterodimerization and Co-Receptor Engagement in TLR2 Activation Induced by MIC1 and MIC4 from Toxoplasma gondii. International journal of molecular sciences 12 31658592
2019 Evaluation of immunogenicity and protection of the Mic1-3 knockout Toxoplasma gondii live attenuated strain in the feline host. Vaccine 12 31864855
2021 Diverse Roles of TgMIC1/4/6 in the Toxoplasma Infection. Frontiers in microbiology 11 34220751
2019 Secretory Microneme Proteins Induce T-Cell Recall Responses in Mice Chronically Infected with Toxoplasma gondii. mSphere 11 30814319
2007 High-level bacterial expression and purification of apicomplexan micronemal proteins for structural studies. Protein and peptide letters 11 17584164
2023 Evaluation of long-term immunity and protection against T. gondii after immunization with multivalent recombinant chimeric T. gondii proteins. Scientific reports 9 37563166
2019 The Impact of the Antigenic Composition of Chimeric Proteins on Their Immunoprotective Activity against Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Mice. Vaccines 9 31635267
2024 The Development of Toxoplasma gondii Recombinant Trivalent Chimeric Proteins as an Alternative to Toxoplasma Lysate Antigen (TLA) in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Small Ruminants. International journal of molecular sciences 8 38673969
2005 Complete resonance assignments of the C-terminal domain from MIC1: a micronemal protein from Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of biomolecular NMR 7 15772760
2009 Mic1-3KO tachyzoite a live attenuated vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis derived from a type I strain shows features of type II strain. Experimental parasitology 6 19508866
2005 Assembly and export of a Toxoplasma microneme complex in Giardia lamblia. International journal for parasitology 5 16188260
2021 Proteomics analysis reveals that the proto-oncogene eIF-5A indirectly influences the growth, invasion and replication of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite. Parasites & vectors 3 34039408
2021 Differential expression of TgMIC1 in isolates of Chinese 1 Toxoplasma with different virulence. Parasites & vectors 3 33985552
2020 Production and Characterization of MIC1: A Lectin from Toxoplasma gondii. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 3 32306346
2024 The microneme protein1 (MIC1) of Chinese 1 Toxoplasma regulates pyroptosis through the TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in macrophages. Parasites & vectors 2 39614314
2008 Complete resonance assignment of the galectin-like domain of MIC1 from Toxoplasma gondii in complex with the second EGF domain from MIC6 and the backbone assignment in complex with the third EGF domain. Biomolecular NMR assignments 2 19636898
2026 Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches driven designing of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii. Human immunology 1 41934706
2025 Recombinant Microneme Proteins MIC1 and MIC4 from Toxoplasma gondii Cause Cytotoxic Effects in the Human Jurkat T-Lymphocyte Cell Line. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 1 40333130
2025 Clustering of host N-glycans licenses Toxoplasma rhoptry discharge. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 1 41279910
2008 Complete NMR assignments for the second EGF domain of MIC6 from Toxoplasma gondii and re-assignment in complex with the galectin-like domain of MIC1. Biomolecular NMR assignments 1 19636901
2003 [Cloning, sequencing and expressing of microneme protein 1 partial gene in toxoplasma gondii ZS2 isolate]. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 1 12760792
2026 Harnessing Toxoplasma gondii microneme proteins for serodiagnosis and vaccine development: a review. Annals of medicine 0 42109027
2011 A new alternative in vitro method for quantification of Toxoplasma gondii infectivity. The Journal of parasitology 0 22010815