Affinage · Toxoplasma gondii

BAG1

bradyzoite antigen BAG1 · UniProt A0A125YNI2

Annotated
2026-09-08
87 papers in source corpus 11 papers cited in narrative 11 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

BAG1 (HSP30) is a bradyzoite-stage-specific small heat-shock protein of the plant sHsp-related family that facilitates tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma gondii (PMID:8577255, PMID:10027984). Unlike the four constitutively expressed T. gondii small heat-shock proteins, BAG1 is restricted to bradyzoites and localizes to the bradyzoite cytosol (PMID:8577255, PMID:16339717). Its stage-specific induction is set at the transcriptional level by a minimal ~324-bp 5' promoter fragment containing short cis-elements (mapped to 6–8 bp) that are necessary and sufficient to confer bradyzoite-specific expression and are bound by sequence-specific parasite protein factors (PMID:9108551, PMID:18433450). Two opposing ApiAP2 transcription factors act directly on the BAG1 promoter through a CAGTGT motif: AP2IX-9 represses BAG1 in early bradyzoites, while AP2IV-3 activates it, and the ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling subunit TgRSC8 is additionally required for normal BAG1 transcript levels (PMID:21655329, PMID:23572590, PMID:28251183). BAG1 is not essential for cyst formation, but its loss reduces cyst numbers in vivo and is partially buffered by compensatory upregulation of other HSP family members (PMID:10027984, PMID:39080770). Beyond its role in stage-specific chaperone/stress biology inferred from its sHsp identity, the biochemical substrates or clients of BAG1 have not been characterized in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1995 High

    Establishing that a bradyzoite-restricted antigen was a small heat-shock protein defined BAG1 as a candidate stage-conversion effector rather than a generic surface marker.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, sequence homology to plant sHsp C-terminal region, immunoelectron microscopy and RT-PCR in T. gondii

    PMID:8577255

    Open questions at the time
    • No chaperone/client substrate identified
    • Molecular function within bradyzoites not tested directly
  2. 1997 High

    Localizing stage-specific control to a defined promoter fragment showed BAG1 induction is transcriptional and cis-encoded, not dependent on 3' or post-transcriptional signals.

    Evidence CAT and reporter assays with promoter deletion, stable transfection, alkaline pH induction, and UPRT-locus transgene integration in T. gondii

    PMID:9108551 PMID:9274873

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-acting factors not yet identified
    • Minimal element not yet mapped to base-pair resolution
  3. 1998 High

    Clean knockout demonstrated BAG1 is dispensable for cyst formation and chronic infection, redefining it as a marker/facilitator rather than an obligatory differentiation factor.

    Evidence Homologous recombination knockout in PLK (ME49-derived) strain with in vitro and in vivo mouse cyst assays and oral challenge

    PMID:9657333

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not detect the quantitative in vivo defect later resolved with complementation
    • Mechanism of any residual contribution unknown
  4. 1999 High

    Knockout plus complementation rescue resolved that BAG1 significantly enhances, though is not required for, in vivo cyst formation.

    Evidence Homologous recombination knockout, BAG1 complementation, and mouse cyst counting in PLK strain

    PMID:10027984

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of the cyst-formation advantage not defined
    • Whether the defect reflects chaperone activity untested
  5. 2005 Medium

    Comparative analysis of the sHsp family established BAG1 as the sole stage-restricted, cytosolic member, distinguishing it from constitutive sHsps in other compartments.

    Evidence Database survey and immunofluorescence subcellular localization of five T. gondii sHsps

    PMID:16339717

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional non-redundancy among sHsps not tested
    • Single-lab localization
  6. 2008 High

    Base-pair-resolution mapping and EMSA showed short BAG1 cis-elements are sufficient to impose bradyzoite induction and are bound by specific parasite factors, and that BAG1 chromatin is held poised in the life cycle.

    Evidence Dual-luciferase reporters, deletion mapping to 6–8 bp, gel-shift assays, and chromatin analysis in T. gondii

    PMID:18433450

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the binding factors not yet determined
    • Chromatin-modifying machinery not defined
  7. 2011 Medium

    Genetic epistasis identified a chromatin-remodeling requirement for BAG1 transcription, linking bradyzoite gene induction to ATP-dependent remodeling.

    Evidence Insertional mutant and complementation of TgRSC8 with qPCR of BAG1 and other bradyzoite markers, plus nuclear localization, in T. gondii

    PMID:21655329

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct action at the BAG1 locus not shown by ChIP
    • Whether TgRSC8 acts through the mapped cis-elements unknown
  8. 2013 High

    Identifying AP2IX-9 as a direct CAGTGT-binding repressor of BAG1 provided the first sequence-specific trans-factor for the promoter and a mechanism for repressing BAG1 in early bradyzoites.

    Evidence Conditional overexpression, gene disruption, protein-binding microarrays, ChIP, and BAG1 promoter-luciferase assays in T. gondii

    PMID:23572590

    Open questions at the time
    • Activator counterpart not yet identified
    • Interplay with TgRSC8-dependent remodeling not defined
  9. 2017 High

    Identifying AP2IV-3 as a direct BAG1-promoter activator completed a repressor/activator switch controlling BAG1 and cyst formation.

    Evidence Gene deletion, conditional overexpression, ChIP, and BAG1 promoter-luciferase reporter with expression profiling in T. gondii

    PMID:28251183

    Open questions at the time
    • Temporal coordination of AP2IX-9/AP2IV-3 handoff not fully resolved
    • How activation and repression compete on the CAGTGT element unclear
  10. 2024 Medium

    A CRISPR knockout in ME49 revealed transcriptional compensation by other HSPs and BFD1, explaining why BAG1 loss only partially impairs differentiation.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 knockout with qPCR, Western blot, in vitro differentiation, and mouse infection in ME49 strain

    PMID:39080770

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether upregulated HSPs functionally replace BAG1 not directly tested
    • Mechanism linking BAG1 loss to accelerated early proliferation unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The biochemical chaperone activity of BAG1 and the client proteins it protects during stress/differentiation remain undefined.
  • No in vitro chaperone/aggregation-prevention assay
  • No client or interaction partner identified
  • Molecular basis of its cyst-formation contribution unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
AP2IV-3 (TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR BINDING BAG1 PROMOTER)AP2IX-9 (TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR BINDING CAGTGT IN BAG1 PROMOTER)TGRSC8 (ATP-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN-REMODELING SUBUNIT PROMOTING BAG1 TRANSCRIPTION)

Evidence

Reading pass · 11 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 BAG1 (HSP30/BAG1) is a ~30 kDa protein related to the conserved C-terminal region of small heat-shock proteins from plants, specifically expressed in bradyzoites (not tachyzoites), with cytosolic localization in bradyzoites as determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Expression is regulated at the mRNA level, with transcripts detectable only in bradyzoites. cDNA library screening, sequence analysis, immunoelectron microscopy, RT-PCR Molecular microbiology High 8577255
1997 A 324-nucleotide fragment starting 60 nt upstream of the BAG1 transcription start site is sufficient to confer bradyzoite-specific expression on a CAT reporter gene. Stage-specific regulation is independent of the 3'-flanking region. The BAG1 promoter is induced ~250-fold upon bradyzoite differentiation (alkaline pH shift) in stably transfected parasites, with kinetics mirroring endogenous BAG1 expression. CAT reporter gene assays with deletion analysis, stable transfection, alkaline pH induction Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 9108551
1997 The BAG1 5'-flanking sequences placed upstream of the HXGPRT selectable marker confer bradyzoite-specific expression; transgenes integrated in the opposite direction of normal transcription at the UPRT locus showed 50–100-fold induction under bradyzoite conditions versus <1% expression in tachyzoites, enabling stage-specific positive/negative selection. Stable transgenic integration at UPRT locus, mycophenolic acid and 8-azahypoxanthine selection, promoter-reporter analysis Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 9274873
1998 Homologous recombination knockout of BAG1 in the PLK (ME49-derived) strain does not prevent tissue cyst formation in vitro or in vivo. BAG1-null parasites express other bradyzoite-specific markers with normal kinetics and frequency, show no enhanced or decreased stress susceptibility, and establish chronic infection in C57BL/6 mice producing brain cysts of normal size, morphology, and frequency. Bradyzoites from BAG1-null cysts can re-establish acute infection after oral administration. Homologous recombination knockout, immunofluorescence, in vivo mouse infection, oral challenge Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 9657333
1999 Disruption of BAG1 in the PLK strain by homologous recombination significantly decreases in vivo cyst formation in mice (BAG1-null H7 mutant forms significantly fewer cysts than controls). Complementation of H7 with BAG1 restores cyst formation to wild-type levels, confirming BAG1 facilitates (but is not essential for) cyst formation in vivo. Homologous recombination knockout, complementation, immunofluorescence, Western blot, mouse inoculation and cyst counting Molecular microbiology High 10027984
2005 BAG1 (HSP30/Bag1) is unique among the five T. gondii small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) in that it is not constitutively expressed in tachyzoites — it is restricted to bradyzoites. The other sHsps (Hsp20, Hsp21, Hsp28, Hsp29) are constitutively expressed in both stages. Each sHsp occupies a distinct subcellular compartment: Hsp20 at the apical end, Hsp28 inside the mitochondrion, Hsp29 membrane-associated, Hsp21 throughout the cytosol; BAG1 is cytosolic in bradyzoites. Database search, immunostaining, subcellular localization by immunofluorescence Eukaryotic cell Medium 16339717
2008 The BAG1 promoter contains short sequence elements (mapped to 6–8 bp resolution) that are necessary and sufficient for bradyzoite-specific gene expression. These minimal cis-elements can convert a constitutive promoter to one induced under bradyzoite conditions. Gel-shift experiments demonstrate that parasite protein factors bind these mapped BAG1 cis-elements with functional sequence specificity. BAG1 chromatin is maintained in a 'poised' state throughout the intermediate host life cycle in low-passage strains. Dual luciferase reporter assays, promoter deletion analysis, gel-shift (EMSA), chromatin analysis Molecular microbiology High 18433450
2011 TgRSC8, a subunit homologous to ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex subunits (Rsc8p/Swi3p), is required for normal steady-state transcript levels of bradyzoite-induced genes including BAG1, LDH2, SUSA1, and ENO1. An insertional mutant (C9) with reduced TgRSC8 levels shows decreased BAG1 expression, and complementation with TgRSC8 significantly increases BAG1 and other bradyzoite marker transcripts. TgRSC8 localizes to the parasite nucleus. Insertional mutagenesis, western blot, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, complementation, immunofluorescence localization PloS one Medium 21655329
2013 AP2IX-9 is a transcriptional repressor of bradyzoite development that directly inhibits BAG1 expression. AP2IX-9 protein binds a CAGTGT DNA sequence motif present in the BAG1 promoter cis-regulatory elements, as established by protein binding microarrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. AP2IX-9 inhibits a BAG1 promoter-luciferase reporter in vivo. AP2IX-9 is restricted to the early bradyzoite nucleus and is repressed in tachyzoites and mature bradyzoites. Conditional overexpression, gene disruption, protein binding microarrays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 23572590
2017 AP2IV-3 is a transcriptional activator that directly regulates BAG1 expression, acting in opposition to the AP2IX-9 repressor. AP2IV-3 binds the BAG1 promoter in parasite chromatin (by ChIP) and activates a BAG1 promoter-luciferase reporter. Deletion of AP2IV-3 decreases tissue cyst formation while its conditional overexpression increases it, demonstrating opposing roles for AP2IX-9 (repressor) and AP2IV-3 (activator) in controlling bradyzoite gene expression including BAG1. Gene deletion, conditional overexpression (FKBP/Shield-1 system), chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, gene expression profiling mSphere High 28251183
2024 Knockout of BAG1 in ME49 strain (ME49Δbag1) significantly inhibits but does not completely block cyst formation. During early differentiation, ME49Δbag1 shows accelerated proliferation relative to wild type. Transcription of multiple HSP family members (HSP20, HSP21, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90) and BFD1 is upregulated in ME49Δbag1, indicating a compensatory mechanism in which other heat-shock proteins partially substitute for BAG1 function in stress response and bradyzoite differentiation. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, qPCR, Western blot, in vitro bradyzoite differentiation assay (alkaline and starvation conditions), mouse infection Parasites & vectors Medium 39080770

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 87 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1995 Cloning and characterization of a bradyzoite-specifically expressed gene (hsp30/bag1) of Toxoplasma gondii, related to genes encoding small heat-shock proteins of plants. Molecular microbiology 156 8577255
2004 Use of molecular and ultrastructural markers to evaluate stage conversion of Toxoplasma gondii in both the intermediate and definitive host. International journal for parasitology 118 15003495
2013 ApiAP2 transcription factor restricts development of the Toxoplasma tissue cyst. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 23572590
2008 The transcription of bradyzoite genes in Toxoplasma gondii is controlled by autonomous promoter elements. Molecular microbiology 83 18433450
1998 Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites form spontaneously during sporozoite-initiated development. Infection and immunity 74 9746587
2015 In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of the Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1294 in the Related Cyst-Forming Apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 73 26248379
2017 Opposing Transcriptional Mechanisms Regulate Toxoplasma Development. mSphere 68 28251183
2002 Evidence for nuclear localisation of two stage-specific isoenzymes of enolase in Toxoplasma gondii correlates with active parasite replication. International journal for parasitology 67 12350375
2004 The Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite antigens BAG1 and MAG1 induce early humoral and cell-mediated immune responses upon human infection. Microbes and infection 66 14998514
2014 Reassessment of the role of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and the effect of infection by Toxoplasma gondii on host dopamine. Infection and immunity 63 25547791
2007 Toxoplasma gondii: DNA vaccination with genes encoding antigens MIC2, M2AP, AMA1 and BAG1 and evaluation of their immunogenic potential. Experimental parasitology 58 17379212
2018 Curcumin nanoemulsion as a novel chemical for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. International journal of nanomedicine 55 30519020
2005 Cyclic nucleotide kinases and tachyzoite-bradyzoite transition in Toxoplasma gondii. International journal for parasitology 51 16216248
1997 Stage-specific expression of a selectable marker in Toxoplasma gondii permits selective inhibition of either tachyzoites or bradyzoites. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 50 9274873
2002 Identification and characterization of differentiation mutants in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Molecular microbiology 49 11994154
1999 Role of Toxoplasma gondii HSP70 and Toxoplasma gondii HSP30/bag1 in antibody formation and prophylactic immunity in mice experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiology and immunology 49 10449253
1999 Disruption of the Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific gene BAG1 decreases in vivo cyst formation. Molecular microbiology 48 10027984
1998 Targeted disruption of the bradyzoite-specific gene BAG1 does not prevent tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma gondii. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 45 9657333
2000 Toxoplasma gondii Hsp70 as a danger signal in toxoplasma gondii-infected mice. Cell stress & chaperones 43 11048655
2005 Differential subcellular localization of members of the Toxoplasma gondii small heat shock protein family. Eukaryotic cell 42 16339717
1999 The in vitro development of Neospora caninum bradyzoites. International journal for parasitology 42 10608459
1997 Bradyzoite-specific gene expression in Toxoplasma gondii requires minimal genomic elements. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 38 9108551
2008 Primary culture of skeletal muscle cells as a model for studies of Toxoplasma gondii cystogenesis. The Journal of parasitology 36 18372624
2014 Diagnostic value of a Rec-ELISA using Toxoplasma gondii recombinant SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 proteins in murine models infected orally with tissue cysts and oocysts. PloS one 33 25268351
2007 CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvant in therapeutic vaccines against parasitic infections. International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM 32 17716944
2005 Toxoplasma gondii: DNA vaccination with bradyzoite antigens induces protective immunity in mice against oral infection with parasite cysts. Experimental parasitology 27 16368092
1999 In vivo expression and distribution of dense granule protein 7 (GRA7) in the exoenteric (tachyzoite, bradyzoite) and enteric (coccidian) forms of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 26 10503251
2018 Nanoemulsion of atovaquone as a promising approach for treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 25 29452213
2014 Starvation of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol induces bradyzoite conversion in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites & vectors 24 24885547
1998 Partially protective vaccination permits the development of latency in a normally virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Infection and immunity 23 9712791
2004 Identification and characterisation of a regulatory region in the Toxoplasma gondii hsp70 genomic locus. International journal for parasitology 22 15003494
2014 The optimal mixture of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens (GRA1, P22, ROP1) for diagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis. Veterinary parasitology 20 25300561
2011 A new type of pterocarpanquinone that affects Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Veterinary parasitology 20 22177332
2015 Development of dual fluorescent stage specific reporter strain of Toxoplasma gondii to follow tachyzoite and bradyzoite development in vitro and in vivo. Microbes and infection 19 26432517
2017 Contribution of dopamine neurotransmission in proconvulsant effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in male mice. Journal of neuroscience research 18 28266723
2014 The extracellular matrix protein mindin as a novel adjuvant elicits stronger immune responses for rBAG1, rSRS4 and rSRS9 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. BMC infectious diseases 15 25091724
2009 Visualization of Toxoplasma gondii stage conversion by expression of stage-specific dual fluorescent proteins. Parasitology 15 19368740
2013 Brain Tissue Cysts in Infected Mice with RH-Strain of Toxoplasma gondii and Evaluation of BAG1 and SAG1 Genes Expression. Iranian journal of parasitology 14 23682258
2012 Real-time RT-PCR on SAG1 and BAG1 gene expression during stage conversion in immunosuppressed mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii Tehran strain. The Korean journal of parasitology 14 22949746
2013 Determination of stage interconversion in vitro and in vivo by construction of transgenic Toxoplasma gondii that stably express stage-specific fluorescent proteins. Experimental parasitology 13 23545429
2022 Therapeutic Potential and Safety of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Methanolic Extract Against Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 12 35755846
2021 Assessment of the Activity of Decoquinate and Its Quinoline-O-Carbamate Derivatives against Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro and in Pregnant Mice Infected with T. gondii Oocysts. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 12 34770802
2011 Involvement of a Toxoplasma gondii chromatin remodeling complex ortholog in developmental regulation. PloS one 12 21655329
2023 A newly characterized dense granule protein (GRA76) is important for the growth and virulence of Toxoplasma gondii. International journal for parasitology 11 37832712
2022 Application of Toxoplasma gondii-specific SAG1, GRA7 and BAG1 proteins in serodiagnosis of animal toxoplasmosis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 11 36590582
2024 Constitutive upregulation of transcription factors underlies permissive bradyzoite differentiation in a natural isolate of Toxoplasma gondii. mBio 10 39150246
2019 Nanoparticles show potential to retard bradyzoites in vitro formation of Toxoplasma gondii. Folia parasitologica 10 30799835
2014 Toxoplasmosis-associated abortion in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) fetus. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 10 25000722
2023 Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Current Approaches and New Insights. Acta parasitologica 9 37368128
2021 Valproic Acid Inhibits Chronic Toxoplasma Infection and Associated Brain Inflammation in Mice. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 9 34339265
2016 Induction of Autophagy interferes the tachyzoite to bradyzoite transformation of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 9 26928609
2014 Microplate assay for screening Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite differentiation with DUAL luciferase assay. Analytical biochemistry 9 24991689
2009 Toxoplasma gondii: Simple duplex RT-PCR assay for detecting SAG1 and BAG1 genes during stage conversion in immunosuppressed mice. Experimental parasitology 9 19854173
2022 Nuclear Factor AP2X-4 Governs the Expression of Cell Cycle- and Life Stage-Regulated Genes and is Critical for Toxoplasma Growth. Microbiology spectrum 8 35735977
2018 Evaluation of LIPS (luciferase immunoprecipitation system) for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis. Journal of immunological methods 8 30201391
2018 Mycophenolic acid induces differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites into bradyzoites and formation of cyst-like structure in vitro. Parasitology research 8 29308550
2022 Single Cell Transcriptomes of In Vitro Bradyzoite Infected Cells Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Stage Dependent Host Cell Alterations. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 7 35372115
2023 Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles for Treatment of Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 6 38004439
2018 Infection dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii in gut-associated tissues after oral infection: The role of Peyer's patches. Parasitology international 6 30189256
2022 Immunological evaluation of a novel multi-antigenic DNA vaccine encoding SAG1, SAG3, MIC4, GRA5, GRA7, AMA1and BAG1 against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. Experimental parasitology 5 36403800
2021 The delayed death-causing nature of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extracts and their mixture within experimental chronic toxoplasmosis: Therapeutic and prophylactic implications. Acta tropica 5 34089696
2000 Distribution of parasite stages in tissues of Toxoplasma gondii infected SCID mice and human peripheral blood lymphocyte-transplanted SCID mice. Parasite immunology 5 11116437
2023 An In house ELISA using recombinant GRA1 and BAG1 proteins as antigen successfully detected Toxoplasma gondii infection in a flock of sheep suffering from abortions. Research in veterinary science 4 39492179
2005 Autofluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum cysts in vitro. The Journal of parasitology 4 15856866
2024 Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific BAG1 is nonessential for cyst formation due to compensation by other heat-shock proteins. Parasites & vectors 3 39080770
2024 Early immune response to Toxoplasma gondii lineage III isolates of different virulence phenotype. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 3 38912206
2024 Study of specific immunodominant antigens in different stages of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Hammondia spp. Experimental parasitology 3 38723846
2022 Diagnostic value of recombinant nanoluciferase fused Toxoplasma gondii antigens in Luciferase-linked Antibody Capture Assay (LACA) for Toxoplasma infection in pigs. The Journal of veterinary medical science 3 35584943
2020 Temporal expression of Toxoplasma stage-specific genes in brain tissue: coincidence with parasitological and histopathological findings in mice models. Parasitology research 3 32476060
2020 Toxoplasma gondii metacaspase 2 is an important factor that influences bradyzoite formation in the Pru strain. Parasitology research 3 32468190
2012 A promising diagnostic tool for toxoplasmic encephalitis: tachyzoite/bradyzoite stage-specific RT-PCR. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 3 22341454
2024 Constitutive upregulation of transcription factors underlies permissive bradyzoite differentiation in a natural isolate of Toxoplasma gondii. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2 38464000
2024 First report of acute, visceral, fatal toxoplasmosis in a naturally infected calf (Bos taurus). Veterinary parasitology 2 39662132
2025 Proteome changes during in vitro culture adaptation of Toxoplasma gondii archetypal II and III field isolates. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 1 41036225
2025 Role of Toxoplasma gondii p24δ in Regulating the Transition from Tachyzoite to Bradyzoite Development. International journal of molecular sciences 1 40244171
2024 Comparison of the immune response and protection against the experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection elicited by immunization with the recombinant proteins BAG1, ROP8, and BAG1-ROP8. Parasite immunology 1 38372452
2023 Assessment of tissue levels of miR-146a and proinflammatory cytokines in experimental cerebral toxoplasmosis following atovaquone and clindamycin treatment: An in vivo study. Microbial pathogenesis 1 37683834
2022 Therapeutic potential of royal jelly to control Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Tropical biomedicine 1 35838104
2026 Development and validation of a gra1-bag1 RT-qPCR assay as an alternative to the mouse bioassay for assessing Toxoplasma gondii viability. Scientific reports 0 41865077
2026 Discovery and Evaluation of SA-18 as an Anti-Toxoplasma Agent. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 0 41653033
2026 Molecular and immunological detection of Toxoplasma gondii in forensic human brain tissue from suicide, traffic accident and homicide decedents with CD45R0 tissue expression analysis. Microbial pathogenesis 0 42162847
2025 Promising Effects of Rhanterium epapposum L. and Its Main Compounds Alone and Combined with Pyrimethamine Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) 0 40899316
2025 Concurrent Assessment of Synthetic and Natural Compounds on the Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in In Vitro Models. Tropical medicine and infectious disease 0 41441586
2025 Potential Therapeutic Effects of Isopropyltoluene (P-Cymene) Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Dexamethasone-Immunosuppressed Mice. Acta parasitologica 0 40660036
2019 The expressive identification and localization of bicoid-interacting protein 3 in the toxoplasma gondii Chinese I genotype Wh3 strain. Acta tropica 0 31145875
2010 [Establishment of an in vitro tachyzoite-bradyzoite interconversion system for Toxoplasma gondii]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University 0 20423822
2007 [Cloning and expression of a bradyzoite-specific gene of Toxoplasma gondii and immunoreactive analysis on the recombinant antigen]. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi = Chinese journal of parasitology & parasitic diseases 0 18038799