{"gene":"TG_258580","gene_symbol":"ROP17","run_date":"2026-09-08T15:31:43+00:00","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2014,"finding":"ROP5 complexes with the active kinases ROP18 and ROP17, as demonstrated by tandem affinity protein tagging and purification in T. gondii. Biochemical analyses indicate that ROP18 and ROP17 have evolved to target adjacent and essential threonine residues in switch region I of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs). The combined activities of ROP17 and ROP18 contribute to avoidance of IRG recruitment to the intracellular T. gondii-containing vacuole, protecting the parasite from clearance in interferon-activated macrophages.","method":"Tandem affinity purification (TAP tagging), Co-IP, biochemical kinase assay, IRG recruitment assay in interferon-activated macrophages","journal":"Cell host & microbe","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1-2 / Strong — multiple orthogonal methods (TAP purification, biochemical assay, macrophage functional assay) in a single rigorous study, foundational paper widely replicated","pmids":["24832449"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2014,"finding":"ROP5 binds adjacent to the nucleotide-binding domain of an IRG, producing an allosteric change that alters the orientation of two threonine residues targeted by Toxoplasma kinases ROP17 and ROP18, thereby facilitating their phosphorylation by ROP17/ROP18.","method":"Structural and biochemical analyses of ROP5-IRG interaction, allosteric conformational analysis","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 / Moderate — structural/biochemical reconstitution of mechanism in single rigorous study with multiple orthogonal approaches","pmids":["25118287"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"finding":"ROP17 is required for enhanced tissue migration of parasitized monocytes and macrophages through collagen-rich tissues in a Rho-ROCK-dependent manner consistent with integrin-independent interstitial migration. ROP17-deficient parasites failed to upregulate monocyte tissue migration and exhibited an early dissemination delay in vivo.","method":"ROP17 knockout parasites, in vitro monocyte migration assays (endothelial and collagen matrix), in vivo mouse dissemination assay","journal":"Nature microbiology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — clean genetic KO with specific phenotypic readout validated both in vitro and in vivo, multiple orthogonal methods","pmids":["31332383"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"finding":"ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense granule (GRA) effector proteins across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). Null or catalytically dead (kinase-dead) mutants of ROP17 are defective in GRA translocation. ROP17 resides on the host cytosol side of the PVM and carries out its translocation function from this location, as demonstrated by trans-complementation with ROP17 delivered by co-infecting tachyzoites.","method":"Whole-genome sequencing of translocation-defective mutants, null mutant and catalytically dead mutant analysis, trans-complementation assay, subcellular localization","journal":"mSphere","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1-2 / Strong — loss-of-function (null + catalytic dead), trans-complementation, subcellular localization, multiple orthogonal approaches in single study","pmids":["31366709"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"finding":"ROP17 was identified as one of five parasite proteins required for translocation of GRA effectors across the PVM, alongside MYR1, MYR2, MYR3, and ASP5. Co-immunoprecipitation of MYR1 confirmed its association within this translocation complex.","method":"Affinity purification of MYR1 (Co-IP), genetic knockouts, GRA16 translocation assay","journal":"mSphere","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — reciprocal affinity purification confirming complex membership, validated by functional GRA translocation assay, consistent with prior independent study (PMID 31366709)","pmids":["32075880"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2016,"finding":"Deletion of ROP17 in type II T. gondii resulted in a >12-fold defect in virulence in mice; however, resistance to host IRGs was not affected in the Δrop17 strain. Combined Δrop17/Δrop5 and Δrop17/Δrop18 showed that ROP17 contributes to virulence via an IRG-independent mechanism. Deletion of ROP17 severely reduced tissue cyst burdens in chronic infection.","method":"Gene knockout (targeted deletion of 26 ROPK loci), mouse virulence assay, IRG recruitment assay, cyst burden quantification","journal":"mBio","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — clean KO with specific phenotypic readouts (virulence, IRG resistance, cyst burden), multiple lines of evidence in a comprehensive genetic study","pmids":["27165797"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"ME49"}]},{"year":2016,"finding":"Combined Δrop21/Δrop17 double knockout led to a 50% reduction in cyst burden in vivo in chronic infection, whereas single Δrop17 knockout had no effect on in vitro growth or bradyzoite differentiation.","method":"CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion, mouse cyst burden assay, in vitro growth assay","journal":"Cellular microbiology","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Weak — clean CRISPR KO with specific phenotype, single lab, limited orthogonal methods","pmids":["27450947"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"Pru"}]},{"year":2020,"finding":"GRA60, a dense granule protein, associates with ROP18 (a member of the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 virulence complex) and contributes to resistance against IRG recruitment to the PVM. Deletion of GRA60 in RHΔrop5 background showed IRG recruitment comparable to single knockouts, indicating GRA60 functions in parallel with or upstream of the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 complex.","method":"Genetic knockout, Co-immunoprecipitation (GRA60 with ROP18), IRG recruitment assay (Irgb10, Irga6)","journal":"Cellular microbiology","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — Co-IP and KO with functional readout, confirms ROP17's known role in IRG protection complex, single lab","pmids":["33040458"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2016,"finding":"Deletion of ROP17 in a type II T. gondii strain severely abrogated the antitumor immune response induced by uracil auxotrophic mutants, indicating ROP17 plays a role in activating host innate immune responses through parasitophorous vacuole membrane-associated functions.","method":"Targeted gene deletion, tumor immunotherapy mouse model, antitumor immunity assay","journal":"PLoS genetics","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Weak — clean KO with specific immune phenotype, single lab, functional readout","pmids":["27447180"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2014,"finding":"TgROP17 expressed in HEK 293T cells phosphorylates c-Jun, demonstrating serine/threonine kinase activity. ROP17 overexpression also inhibited camptothecin-induced apoptosis.","method":"Eukaryotic expression vector transfection, Western blotting for c-Jun phosphorylation, flow cytometry apoptosis assay","journal":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, single method per claim, heterologous expression system without direct parasite validation","pmids":["24822361"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2016,"finding":"ROP17 overexpression in J774A.1 macrophages inhibited IFN-γ-induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of c-Jun and upregulation of Bcl-3; this anti-apoptotic effect was dependent on c-Jun phosphorylation as shown by c-Jun shRNA knockdown.","method":"Plasmid transfection, flow cytometry, Western blotting for phospho-c-Jun, Bcl-3, cleaved Caspase-3, c-Jun shRNA knockdown","journal":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, heterologous overexpression, mechanistic follow-up limited to one signaling axis","pmids":["30141842"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2021,"finding":"ROP17 interacts with Bcl-2 as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, and ROP17 overexpression promotes autophagy via the Bcl-2–Beclin 1 pathway in HEK 293T cells.","method":"Co-immunoprecipitation, MDC staining, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry in vivo","journal":"Folia parasitologica","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — single Co-IP, heterologous overexpression system, single lab, no parasite-context validation of the interaction","pmids":["34180401"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2016,"finding":"Deletion of ROP17 individually in a Chinese type I strain (T.gHB1) showed similar virulence attenuation as in the RH strain, but double deletions of GRA7 plus ROP17 in T.gHB1 did not show significant further attenuation compared to the ROP17 single knockout, suggesting ROP17 and GRA7 may not act independently in all strain backgrounds.","method":"CRISPR-Cas9 gene deletion, mouse virulence assay, double knockout epistasis analysis","journal":"Parasitology research","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Weak — clean CRISPR KO and epistasis analysis, single lab, limited to one local strain","pmids":["27225000"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"T.gHB1"}]}],"current_model":"ROP17 is a rhoptry-secreted serine/threonine kinase that forms a trimeric complex with ROP5 and ROP18 on the host cytosolic face of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), where it phosphorylates threonine residues in the switch region I of host immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) to prevent their recruitment to the PVM and protect the parasite from innate immune clearance; additionally, ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense granule (GRA) effector proteins across the PVM into the host cell, and ROP17 promotes systemic parasite dissemination by enhancing Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"ROP17 is a rhoptry-secreted serine/threonine kinase of Toxoplasma gondii that operates from the host-cytosolic face of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) to disarm host innate immunity and to sustain parasite virulence and dissemination [PMID:24832449, PMID:31366709]. It assembles into a complex with the pseudokinase ROP5 and the kinase ROP18, in which ROP5 binds adjacent to the nucleotide-binding domain of host immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and produces an allosteric change that reorients target threonines in switch region I for phosphorylation by ROP17 and ROP18; this phosphorylation blocks IRG recruitment to the vacuole and protects the parasite from clearance in interferon-activated macrophages [PMID:24832449, PMID:25118287]. Independently of its IRG-directed activity, ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense-granule (GRA) effectors across the PVM, functioning together with MYR1/MYR2/MYR3 and ASP5 in the export machinery [PMID:31366709, PMID:32075880]. ROP17 also enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes, promoting early systemic dissemination in vivo [PMID:31332383], and its loss attenuates virulence and reduces chronic tissue cyst burdens [PMID:27165797, PMID:27450947].","teleology":[{"year":2014,"claim":"Established that ROP17 is an active kinase partnered with ROP5 and ROP18, defining the molecular basis for how the parasite neutralizes host IRG-mediated clearance.","evidence":"TAP purification, Co-IP, biochemical kinase assays and IRG recruitment assays in interferon-activated macrophages","pmids":["24832449"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Did not resolve the relative contributions of ROP17 versus ROP18 to individual IRG threonines","In vivo relevance of the complex not addressed in this study"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2014,"claim":"Resolved how ROP5 primes IRG substrates, showing it induces an allosteric conformational change that reorients the target threonines for ROP17/ROP18 phosphorylation.","evidence":"Structural and biochemical analysis of the ROP5-IRG interaction","pmids":["25118287"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["No direct co-structure of ROP17 with IRG","Kinetics of ROP17-specific phosphorylation not quantified"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2014,"claim":"First demonstration in a heterologous system that ROP17 is a functional serine/threonine kinase acting on a host substrate (c-Jun) and modulating apoptosis.","evidence":"HEK293T overexpression, Western blot for c-Jun phosphorylation, flow-cytometry apoptosis assay","pmids":["24822361"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["Heterologous overexpression without parasite-context validation","c-Jun as a physiological ROP17 substrate not established","Single method per claim"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Genetic dissection revealed that ROP17 contributes to virulence and chronic cyst burden through an IRG-independent mechanism, decoupling its in vivo importance from IRG protection.","evidence":"Targeted ROP17 deletion in type II, combined Δrop17/Δrop5 and Δrop17/Δrop18, mouse virulence, IRG recruitment and cyst-burden assays","pmids":["27165797"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Molecular basis of the IRG-independent virulence function not identified here","Host targets of this alternate function unknown"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"ME49"}]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Confirmed a role for ROP17 in chronic-stage cyst persistence, uncovering genetic interaction with ROP21 while showing ROP17 loss alone does not impair in vitro growth or bradyzoite differentiation.","evidence":"CRISPR/Cas9 double knockout, mouse cyst-burden and in vitro growth/differentiation assays","pmids":["27450947"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Mechanism of the ROP17-ROP21 interaction unresolved","Single lab, limited orthogonal methods"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"Pru"}]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Extended ROP17 virulence attenuation to a type I strain and probed genetic interaction with GRA7, indicating strain-dependent epistasis.","evidence":"CRISPR-Cas9 single and double knockouts, mouse virulence epistasis analysis","pmids":["27225000"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["GRA7-ROP17 functional relationship not mechanistically defined","Limited to a single local strain"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"T.gHB1"}]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Linked ROP17 to activation of host innate immunity, showing it is required for the antitumor immune response elicited by attenuated parasites.","evidence":"Targeted deletion, tumor immunotherapy mouse model, antitumor immunity assay","pmids":["27447180"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Immune signaling pathway engaged by ROP17 not identified","Single lab"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2016,"claim":"Explored ROP17's host-cell manipulation via anti-apoptotic signaling, implicating c-Jun phosphorylation and Bcl-3 upregulation in macrophages.","evidence":"Overexpression in J774A.1 macrophages, flow cytometry, Western blot, c-Jun shRNA knockdown","pmids":["30141842"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["Heterologous overexpression rather than parasite-delivered ROP17","Physiological relevance during infection unproven","Single signaling axis examined"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":2019,"claim":"Uncovered a distinct, IRG-independent function: ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of GRA effectors across the PVM and acts from the host-cytosolic side of the membrane.","evidence":"Whole-genome sequencing of translocation-defective mutants, null and catalytically dead mutants, trans-complementation, subcellular localization","pmids":["31366709"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Direct substrates of ROP17 in the translocation machinery not identified","How kinase activity mechanistically drives translocation unresolved"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"claim":"Assigned ROP17 a role in parasite dissemination, showing it enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes and accelerates early spread in vivo.","evidence":"ROP17 knockout parasites, in vitro monocyte migration assays, in vivo mouse dissemination assay","pmids":["31332383"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Host substrate linking ROP17 to Rho-ROCK activation unknown","Whether kinase activity is required for the migration phenotype not stated"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"claim":"Placed ROP17 within the defined GRA translocation complex alongside MYR1/MYR2/MYR3 and ASP5, integrating it into the effector-export machinery.","evidence":"MYR1 affinity purification/Co-IP, genetic knockouts, GRA16 translocation assay","pmids":["32075880"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["Direct physical link between ROP17 and MYR1 versus indirect association not distinguished","Stoichiometry and architecture of the complex undefined"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"claim":"Positioned GRA60 relative to the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 virulence complex, showing it contributes to IRG resistance in parallel with or upstream of the complex.","evidence":"Genetic knockout, Co-IP of GRA60 with ROP18, IRG (Irgb10, Irga6) recruitment assays","pmids":["33040458"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Direct interaction of GRA60 with ROP17 not tested","Epistatic ordering only inferred from recruitment phenotypes"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":"RH"}]},{"year":null,"claim":"The host substrates and mechanistic events by which ROP17 drives GRA translocation, monocyte hypermigration, and IRG-independent virulence remain to be identified.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"High","gaps":["No identified ROP17 substrate for the translocation or migration functions","Mechanistic link between kinase activity and Rho-ROCK signaling unknown","Physiological relevance of heterologous-system anti-apoptotic/autophagy findings during infection unestablished"],"attribution":[{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[],"localization":[],"pathway":[],"complexes":["ROP5-ROP17-ROP18 virulence complex","MYR1/MYR2/MYR3/ASP5/ROP17 GRA translocation machinery"],"partners":["ROP5","ROP18","MYR1","IMMUNITY-RELATED GTPASES (IRGS)","GRA60 (PARALLEL/UPSTREAM)","C-JUN (HETEROLOGOUS SYSTEM)","BCL-2 (HETEROLOGOUS SYSTEM)"],"other_free_text":["Phosphorylates threonine residues in switch region I of host IRGs, priming allosterically by ROP5, to block IRG recruitment to the PVM [#0, #1]","Kinase activity required for GRA effector translocation across the PVM, acting from the host-cytosolic face [#3, #4]","Contributes to virulence and chronic cyst burden via an IRG-independent mechanism [#5, #6]","Enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes and early dissemination in vivo [#2]","Heterologous-system findings implicate ROP17 in anti-apoptotic c-Jun/Bcl-3 signaling and Bcl-2/Beclin-1 autophagy modulation (Low confidence) [#9, #10, #11]"]},"strain_conflicts":[]},"prefetch_data":{},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"24832449","id":"PMC_24832449","title":"The Toxoplasma pseudokinase ROP5 forms complexes with ROP18 and ROP17 kinases that synergize to control acute virulence in mice.","date":"2014","source":"Cell host & microbe","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24832449","citation_count":202,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"26699401","id":"PMC_26699401","title":"The ROP18 and ROP5 gene allele types are highly predictive of virulence in mice across globally distributed strains of Toxoplasma gondii.","date":"2015","source":"International journal for 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with MYR1 Identifies Three Additional Proteins within the Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Required for Translocation of Dense Granule Effectors into Host Cells.","date":"2020","source":"mSphere","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32075880","citation_count":53,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"31366709","id":"PMC_31366709","title":"Translocation of Dense Granule Effectors across the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane in Toxoplasma-Infected Cells Requires the Activity of ROP17, a Rhoptry Protein Kinase.","date":"2019","source":"mSphere","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31366709","citation_count":50,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"27447180","id":"PMC_27447180","title":"Secretion of Rhoptry and Dense Granule Effector Proteins by Nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii Uracil Auxotrophs Controls the Development of Antitumor Immunity.","date":"2016","source":"PLoS 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Brazil.","date":"2025","source":"Microorganisms","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40005667","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"40588766","id":"PMC_40588766","title":"New genetic variants of Toxoplasma gondii isolates and a novel ROP5 allele in free-range chickens from Tabasco, México.","date":"2025","source":"Parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40588766","citation_count":2,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"22913185","id":"PMC_22913185","title":"Gene-cloning, expression and antigenicity analysis of rhoptry protein 17 of Toxoplasma gondii.","date":"2012","source":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi = Chinese journal of parasitology & parasitic diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22913185","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"30141842","id":"PMC_30141842","title":"[Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 17 Inhibits the Apoptosis of Mouse Macrophages via Activation of Activator Protein 1 Signaling].","date":"2016","source":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi = Chinese journal of parasitology & parasitic diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30141842","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"26541043","id":"PMC_26541043","title":"[Research Advance on Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 2 Family as Candidate Vaccine Molecules].","date":"2015","source":"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi = Chinese journal of parasitology & parasitic diseases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26541043","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false},{"pmid":"31366706","id":"PMC_31366706","title":"Neighbors Working Together: a Toxoplasma Rhoptry Protein That Facilitates Dense Granule Protein Translocation into the Host Cell.","date":"2019","source":"mSphere","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31366706","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":20386,"output_tokens":3547,"usd":0.057182,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":9571,"output_tokens":4474,"usd":0.079853,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.0,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01XFXJD6iZecXyWn9uU5Qom9","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_013GToKgs4AKSCRE4yvueviH","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard","skipped":true},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP5 complexes with the active kinases ROP18 and ROP17, as demonstrated by tandem affinity protein tagging and purification in T. gondii. Biochemical analyses indicate that ROP18 and ROP17 have evolved to target adjacent and essential threonine residues in switch region I of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs). The combined activities of ROP17 and ROP18 contribute to avoidance of IRG recruitment to the intracellular T. gondii-containing vacuole, protecting the parasite from clearance in interferon-activated macrophages.\",\n      \"method\": \"Tandem affinity purification (TAP tagging), Co-IP, biochemical kinase assay, IRG recruitment assay in interferon-activated macrophages\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cell host & microbe\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1-2 / Strong — multiple orthogonal methods (TAP purification, biochemical assay, macrophage functional assay) in a single rigorous study, foundational paper widely replicated\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24832449\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP5 binds adjacent to the nucleotide-binding domain of an IRG, producing an allosteric change that alters the orientation of two threonine residues targeted by Toxoplasma kinases ROP17 and ROP18, thereby facilitating their phosphorylation by ROP17/ROP18.\",\n      \"method\": \"Structural and biochemical analyses of ROP5-IRG interaction, allosteric conformational analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 / Moderate — structural/biochemical reconstitution of mechanism in single rigorous study with multiple orthogonal approaches\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"25118287\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP17 is required for enhanced tissue migration of parasitized monocytes and macrophages through collagen-rich tissues in a Rho-ROCK-dependent manner consistent with integrin-independent interstitial migration. ROP17-deficient parasites failed to upregulate monocyte tissue migration and exhibited an early dissemination delay in vivo.\",\n      \"method\": \"ROP17 knockout parasites, in vitro monocyte migration assays (endothelial and collagen matrix), in vivo mouse dissemination assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature microbiology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — clean genetic KO with specific phenotypic readout validated both in vitro and in vivo, multiple orthogonal methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31332383\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense granule (GRA) effector proteins across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). Null or catalytically dead (kinase-dead) mutants of ROP17 are defective in GRA translocation. ROP17 resides on the host cytosol side of the PVM and carries out its translocation function from this location, as demonstrated by trans-complementation with ROP17 delivered by co-infecting tachyzoites.\",\n      \"method\": \"Whole-genome sequencing of translocation-defective mutants, null mutant and catalytically dead mutant analysis, trans-complementation assay, subcellular localization\",\n      \"journal\": \"mSphere\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1-2 / Strong — loss-of-function (null + catalytic dead), trans-complementation, subcellular localization, multiple orthogonal approaches in single study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31366709\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP17 was identified as one of five parasite proteins required for translocation of GRA effectors across the PVM, alongside MYR1, MYR2, MYR3, and ASP5. Co-immunoprecipitation of MYR1 confirmed its association within this translocation complex.\",\n      \"method\": \"Affinity purification of MYR1 (Co-IP), genetic knockouts, GRA16 translocation assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"mSphere\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — reciprocal affinity purification confirming complex membership, validated by functional GRA translocation assay, consistent with prior independent study (PMID 31366709)\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32075880\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Deletion of ROP17 in type II T. gondii resulted in a >12-fold defect in virulence in mice; however, resistance to host IRGs was not affected in the Δrop17 strain. Combined Δrop17/Δrop5 and Δrop17/Δrop18 showed that ROP17 contributes to virulence via an IRG-independent mechanism. Deletion of ROP17 severely reduced tissue cyst burdens in chronic infection.\",\n      \"method\": \"Gene knockout (targeted deletion of 26 ROPK loci), mouse virulence assay, IRG recruitment assay, cyst burden quantification\",\n      \"journal\": \"mBio\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — clean KO with specific phenotypic readouts (virulence, IRG resistance, cyst burden), multiple lines of evidence in a comprehensive genetic study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27165797\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"ME49\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Combined Δrop21/Δrop17 double knockout led to a 50% reduction in cyst burden in vivo in chronic infection, whereas single Δrop17 knockout had no effect on in vitro growth or bradyzoite differentiation.\",\n      \"method\": \"CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion, mouse cyst burden assay, in vitro growth assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cellular microbiology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Weak — clean CRISPR KO with specific phenotype, single lab, limited orthogonal methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27450947\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"Pru\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"GRA60, a dense granule protein, associates with ROP18 (a member of the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 virulence complex) and contributes to resistance against IRG recruitment to the PVM. Deletion of GRA60 in RHΔrop5 background showed IRG recruitment comparable to single knockouts, indicating GRA60 functions in parallel with or upstream of the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 complex.\",\n      \"method\": \"Genetic knockout, Co-immunoprecipitation (GRA60 with ROP18), IRG recruitment assay (Irgb10, Irga6)\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cellular microbiology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — Co-IP and KO with functional readout, confirms ROP17's known role in IRG protection complex, single lab\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33040458\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Deletion of ROP17 in a type II T. gondii strain severely abrogated the antitumor immune response induced by uracil auxotrophic mutants, indicating ROP17 plays a role in activating host innate immune responses through parasitophorous vacuole membrane-associated functions.\",\n      \"method\": \"Targeted gene deletion, tumor immunotherapy mouse model, antitumor immunity assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"PLoS genetics\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Weak — clean KO with specific immune phenotype, single lab, functional readout\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27447180\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"finding\": \"TgROP17 expressed in HEK 293T cells phosphorylates c-Jun, demonstrating serine/threonine kinase activity. ROP17 overexpression also inhibited camptothecin-induced apoptosis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Eukaryotic expression vector transfection, Western blotting for c-Jun phosphorylation, flow cytometry apoptosis assay\",\n      \"journal\": \"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, single method per claim, heterologous expression system without direct parasite validation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24822361\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP17 overexpression in J774A.1 macrophages inhibited IFN-γ-induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of c-Jun and upregulation of Bcl-3; this anti-apoptotic effect was dependent on c-Jun phosphorylation as shown by c-Jun shRNA knockdown.\",\n      \"method\": \"Plasmid transfection, flow cytometry, Western blotting for phospho-c-Jun, Bcl-3, cleaved Caspase-3, c-Jun shRNA knockdown\",\n      \"journal\": \"Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, heterologous overexpression, mechanistic follow-up limited to one signaling axis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30141842\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2021,\n      \"finding\": \"ROP17 interacts with Bcl-2 as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, and ROP17 overexpression promotes autophagy via the Bcl-2–Beclin 1 pathway in HEK 293T cells.\",\n      \"method\": \"Co-immunoprecipitation, MDC staining, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry in vivo\",\n      \"journal\": \"Folia parasitologica\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — single Co-IP, heterologous overexpression system, single lab, no parasite-context validation of the interaction\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"34180401\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"finding\": \"Deletion of ROP17 individually in a Chinese type I strain (T.gHB1) showed similar virulence attenuation as in the RH strain, but double deletions of GRA7 plus ROP17 in T.gHB1 did not show significant further attenuation compared to the ROP17 single knockout, suggesting ROP17 and GRA7 may not act independently in all strain backgrounds.\",\n      \"method\": \"CRISPR-Cas9 gene deletion, mouse virulence assay, double knockout epistasis analysis\",\n      \"journal\": \"Parasitology research\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Weak — clean CRISPR KO and epistasis analysis, single lab, limited to one local strain\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27225000\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"T.gHB1\"}]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"ROP17 is a rhoptry-secreted serine/threonine kinase that forms a trimeric complex with ROP5 and ROP18 on the host cytosolic face of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), where it phosphorylates threonine residues in the switch region I of host immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) to prevent their recruitment to the PVM and protect the parasite from innate immune clearance; additionally, ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense granule (GRA) effector proteins across the PVM into the host cell, and ROP17 promotes systemic parasite dissemination by enhancing Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"ROP17 is a rhoptry-secreted serine/threonine kinase of Toxoplasma gondii that operates from the host-cytosolic face of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) to disarm host innate immunity and to sustain parasite virulence and dissemination [#0, #3]. It assembles into a complex with the pseudokinase ROP5 and the kinase ROP18, in which ROP5 binds adjacent to the nucleotide-binding domain of host immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and produces an allosteric change that reorients target threonines in switch region I for phosphorylation by ROP17 and ROP18; this phosphorylation blocks IRG recruitment to the vacuole and protects the parasite from clearance in interferon-activated macrophages [#0, #1]. Independently of its IRG-directed activity, ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of dense-granule (GRA) effectors across the PVM, functioning together with MYR1/MYR2/MYR3 and ASP5 in the export machinery [#3, #4]. ROP17 also enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes, promoting early systemic dissemination in vivo [#2], and its loss attenuates virulence and reduces chronic tissue cyst burdens [#5, #6].\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"claim\": \"Established that ROP17 is an active kinase partnered with ROP5 and ROP18, defining the molecular basis for how the parasite neutralizes host IRG-mediated clearance.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"TAP purification, Co-IP, biochemical kinase assays and IRG recruitment assays in interferon-activated macrophages\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24832449\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Did not resolve the relative contributions of ROP17 versus ROP18 to individual IRG threonines\", \"In vivo relevance of the complex not addressed in this study\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"claim\": \"Resolved how ROP5 primes IRG substrates, showing it induces an allosteric conformational change that reorients the target threonines for ROP17/ROP18 phosphorylation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Structural and biochemical analysis of the ROP5-IRG interaction\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"25118287\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"No direct co-structure of ROP17 with IRG\", \"Kinetics of ROP17-specific phosphorylation not quantified\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2014,\n      \"claim\": \"First demonstration in a heterologous system that ROP17 is a functional serine/threonine kinase acting on a host substrate (c-Jun) and modulating apoptosis.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"HEK293T overexpression, Western blot for c-Jun phosphorylation, flow-cytometry apoptosis assay\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"24822361\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Heterologous overexpression without parasite-context validation\", \"c-Jun as a physiological ROP17 substrate not established\", \"Single method per claim\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Genetic dissection revealed that ROP17 contributes to virulence and chronic cyst burden through an IRG-independent mechanism, decoupling its in vivo importance from IRG protection.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Targeted ROP17 deletion in type II, combined \\u0394rop17/\\u0394rop5 and \\u0394rop17/\\u0394rop18, mouse virulence, IRG recruitment and cyst-burden assays\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27165797\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Molecular basis of the IRG-independent virulence function not identified here\", \"Host targets of this alternate function unknown\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"ME49\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Confirmed a role for ROP17 in chronic-stage cyst persistence, uncovering genetic interaction with ROP21 while showing ROP17 loss alone does not impair in vitro growth or bradyzoite differentiation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"CRISPR/Cas9 double knockout, mouse cyst-burden and in vitro growth/differentiation assays\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27450947\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Mechanism of the ROP17-ROP21 interaction unresolved\", \"Single lab, limited orthogonal methods\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"Pru\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Extended ROP17 virulence attenuation to a type I strain and probed genetic interaction with GRA7, indicating strain-dependent epistasis.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"CRISPR-Cas9 single and double knockouts, mouse virulence epistasis analysis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27225000\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"GRA7-ROP17 functional relationship not mechanistically defined\", \"Limited to a single local strain\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"T.gHB1\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Linked ROP17 to activation of host innate immunity, showing it is required for the antitumor immune response elicited by attenuated parasites.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Targeted deletion, tumor immunotherapy mouse model, antitumor immunity assay\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"27447180\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Immune signaling pathway engaged by ROP17 not identified\", \"Single lab\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"claim\": \"Explored ROP17's host-cell manipulation via anti-apoptotic signaling, implicating c-Jun phosphorylation and Bcl-3 upregulation in macrophages.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Overexpression in J774A.1 macrophages, flow cytometry, Western blot, c-Jun shRNA knockdown\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30141842\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Heterologous overexpression rather than parasite-delivered ROP17\", \"Physiological relevance during infection unproven\", \"Single signaling axis examined\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"claim\": \"Uncovered a distinct, IRG-independent function: ROP17 kinase activity is required for translocation of GRA effectors across the PVM and acts from the host-cytosolic side of the membrane.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Whole-genome sequencing of translocation-defective mutants, null and catalytically dead mutants, trans-complementation, subcellular localization\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31366709\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Direct substrates of ROP17 in the translocation machinery not identified\", \"How kinase activity mechanistically drives translocation unresolved\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"claim\": \"Assigned ROP17 a role in parasite dissemination, showing it enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes and accelerates early spread in vivo.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"ROP17 knockout parasites, in vitro monocyte migration assays, in vivo mouse dissemination assay\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"31332383\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Host substrate linking ROP17 to Rho-ROCK activation unknown\", \"Whether kinase activity is required for the migration phenotype not stated\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"claim\": \"Placed ROP17 within the defined GRA translocation complex alongside MYR1/MYR2/MYR3 and ASP5, integrating it into the effector-export machinery.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"MYR1 affinity purification/Co-IP, genetic knockouts, GRA16 translocation assay\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32075880\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Direct physical link between ROP17 and MYR1 versus indirect association not distinguished\", \"Stoichiometry and architecture of the complex undefined\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"claim\": \"Positioned GRA60 relative to the ROP5/ROP17/ROP18 virulence complex, showing it contributes to IRG resistance in parallel with or upstream of the complex.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Genetic knockout, Co-IP of GRA60 with ROP18, IRG (Irgb10, Irga6) recruitment assays\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33040458\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"Direct interaction of GRA60 with ROP17 not tested\", \"Epistatic ordering only inferred from recruitment phenotypes\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"RH\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"The host substrates and mechanistic events by which ROP17 drives GRA translocation, monocyte hypermigration, and IRG-independent virulence remain to be identified.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\"No identified ROP17 substrate for the translocation or migration functions\", \"Mechanistic link between kinase activity and Rho-ROCK signaling unknown\", \"Physiological relevance of heterologous-system anti-apoptotic/autophagy findings during infection unestablished\"],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0004674\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1, 3, 9], \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0020005\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3], \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0052150\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 5, 7], \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0140321\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3, 4], \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\n      \"ROP5-ROP17-ROP18 virulence complex\",\n      \"MYR1/MYR2/MYR3/ASP5/ROP17 GRA translocation machinery\"\n    ],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"ROP5\",\n      \"ROP18\",\n      \"MYR1\",\n      \"immunity-related GTPases (IRGs)\",\n      \"GRA60 (parallel/upstream)\",\n      \"c-Jun (heterologous system)\",\n      \"Bcl-2 (heterologous system)\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": [\n      \"Phosphorylates threonine residues in switch region I of host IRGs, priming allosterically by ROP5, to block IRG recruitment to the PVM [#0, #1]\",\n      \"Kinase activity required for GRA effector translocation across the PVM, acting from the host-cytosolic face [#3, #4]\",\n      \"Contributes to virulence and chronic cyst burden via an IRG-independent mechanism [#5, #6]\",\n      \"Enhances Rho-ROCK-dependent interstitial migration of parasitized monocytes and early dissemination in vivo [#2]\",\n      \"Heterologous-system findings implicate ROP17 in anti-apoptotic c-Jun/Bcl-3 signaling and Bcl-2/Beclin-1 autophagy modulation (Low confidence) [#9, #10, #11]\"\n    ]\n  },\n  \"strain_conflicts\": []\n}\n```","audit_flag":null,"strains":[{"strain":"ME49","gene_id":"TGME49_258580","name":"ROP17","product":"rhoptry protein ROP17","uniprot_acc":"A0A125YN45","chromosome":"TGME49_chrVIIb","start_pos":3321442},{"strain":"GT1","gene_id":"TGGT1_258580","name":null,"product":"rhoptry protein ROP17","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":"TGGT1_chrVIIb","start_pos":3287362},{"strain":"RH88","gene_id":"TGRH88_071480","name":null,"product":"rhoptry protein ROP17","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":"CM023089","start_pos":3347339},{"strain":"VEG","gene_id":"TGVEG_258580","name":null,"product":"rhoptry protein ROP17","uniprot_acc":"B6KB88","chromosome":"TGVEG_chrVIIb","start_pos":3339941}]}